The match, held on Saturday in Ahmedabad, India, went to a penalty shootout after an 11-11 tie and Team Melli lost 5-4.
Iran had earlier defeated China (14-9), Hong Kong (22-10), Uzbekistan (28-7), Thailand (21-6) and Japan (19-18) in the competition.
Earlier in the day, Kazakhstan defeated Japan 16-14 in the bronze medal match.
The 11th Asian Aquatics Championships were held from September 28 to October 10 in Ahmedabad.