Police said four men – three security guards and a patron waiting to get in – were shot outside the Love Machine club in the trendy inner-city suburb of Prahran early on Sunday morning.
“It would appear that shots have been discharged from a car in this area into a crowd that was standing outside the nightclub,” Victoria Police Inspector Andrew Stamper told reporters. “This is just a horrendous act. It’s a busy nightclub, one of the main nightclubs in Melbourne in one of the main entertainment precincts in Melbourne.”
The 37-year-old security guard was taken to hospital but died soon after.
A 28-year-old man was in a critical condition, while two others aged 29 and 50 had non-life-threatening injuries, police said.
A police spokesman told AFP the shooting was not believed to be linked to terrorism.
Investigators were probing links to motorcycle gangs, Melbourne’s Age newspaper reported.
Police were also probing whether a black Porsche SUV seen leaving the area and later found burnt out in another suburb was linked to the shooting.
The latest incident came after a spate of shootings in Melbourne in March that left five people dead in four separate incidents. Two of the incidents were believed to be gang-related.
Inspector Stamper stressed that there was “nothing to indicate” that the shooting was part of a “broader agenda”.
Mass shootings are rare in Australia, which has strict gun laws introduced after 35 people were killed in 1996 at Port Arthur in Tasmania.
A murder-suicide last year which left seven members of a family dead in Western Australia was the country’s worst mass shooting since the Port Arthur case.